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Relativity of Simultaneity | Special Relativity Ch. 4

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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Mark Rober's youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/markrober

The previous videos in this series:
Chapter 1: Why Relativity is Hard https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rLWVZVWfdY&
Chapter 2: Spacetime Diagrams https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTxWAQGgeQw
Chapter 3: Lorentz Transformations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rh0pYtQG5wI

This video is chapter 4 in my series on special relativity, and it covers how things that appear simultaneous from one perspective in our universe aren't simultaneous from other moving perspectives - that is, from inertial reference frames moving at different speeds. This is explained via the Lorentz transformation of coordinates of the events in question, enacted with a mechanical minkowski diagram, aka mechanical Lorentz transformation, aka spacetime globe.

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What is Sea Level?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

FREE FACT: An oblate spheroid is a special case of an ellipsoid where two of the semi-principal axes are the same size.

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Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

How lasers work (in theory)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How does a laser really work? It's Bose - Einstein statistics! (photons are bosons)

Check out Smarter Every Day's video showing lasers in real life: http://bit.ly/uBwhU2

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Football, Physics, and Symmetry

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Two linemen colliding can light a 60W bulb for over a minute!

Cool book on habits: http://www.charlesduhigg.com

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Ring AROUND the Earth?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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This video is about what would happen if we built a giant ring around earth – what would happen to the ring, that is. Would if fall? Collapse? Start spinning?

REFERENCES:
Why Isn’t It Faster to Fly West? Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gNkgj9h2oM
Physics Girl Quarter Shrinking: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2TDXKfBaMQ
Symmetry Breaking: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_breaking
Forces through gauge symmetry: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Uh5mTxRQcg
Higgs Boson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Uh5mTxRQcg

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How Do Airplanes Fly?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How Airplanes Are Made: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rMgpExA4kM
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Eduardo Rampelotto Gatto Created by Henry Reich

Pot Theft (A Radiolab Adventure)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

A collaboration with Radiolab (http://www.radiolab.org) - thanks to Jad, Robert, Dylan, Molly, Lynn, Andy, Jaime, Soren, and all the rest.

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! Created by Henry Reich

Einstein's Biggest Blunder, Explained

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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This video is about how Albert Einstein made a mistake when applying the Field Equations of General Relativity to cosmology (in particular, to a static, constant density universe), and solved the problem by introducing the cosmological constant, rather than allowing for a dynamic universe with a scale factor - that is, the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe, first developed by Alexander Friedmann of Russia. Later, it was discovered by the Slipher and Hubble red-shift that the universe is indeed expanding, and even later, by Schwarz and company in 1998, that the expansion is accelerating - aka, dark energy. And the cosmological constant was re-introduced.

Thanks to Grant Sanderson of http://www.youtube.com/3Blue1Brown for help with the fancy equation animation!

REFERENCES

The Einstein Field Equations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Einstein_field_equat

Interrogating the Legend of Einstein’s “Biggest Blunder”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06768

On the General Theory of Relativity (Einstein)
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol6-tr

The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity (Albert Einstein)
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol6-tr

Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol6-tr

Einstein Wrongly Criticizes Alexander Friedmann
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol13-t

Alexander Friedmann Corrects Einstein
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol13-t

Einstein Admits his Mathematical Mistake
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol14-t

The Field Equations of Gravitation
https://einsteinpapers.press.p....rinceton.edu/vol6-tr

George Gamow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamow

Mach’s Principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%27s_principle

Equivalence Principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Equivalence_principl

Sean Carroll and William Press Paper
https://preposterousuniverse.c....om/wp-content/upload

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How to Simulate the Universe on your Laptop

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

AfterEffects Tutorial on how to Simulate the Universe: http://dft.ba/-3v1X
Millennium Simulation - http://dft.ba/-3v12
Also, explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Jake Chudnow

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Transporters and Quantum Teleportation

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

A reply to CGP Grey's video about teleportation, consciousness and Star Trek. CGP Grey’s Transporter video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQHBAdShgYI

REFERENCES

Scott Aaronson on teleportation machines: http://www.scottaaronson.com/democritus/lec18.html

The original quantum teleportation paper: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.46.9405&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich Created by Henry Reich

How Shor's Algorithm Factors 314191

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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This video explains how Shor’s Algorithm factors the pseudoprime number 314191 into its prime factors using a quantum computer. The quantum computation relies on the number-theoretic analysis of the factoring problem via modular arithmetic mod N (where N is the number to be factored), and finding the order or period of a random coprime number mod N. The exponential speedup comes in part from the use of the quantum fast fourier transform which achieves interference among frequencies that are not related to the period (period-finding is the goal of the QFT FFT).

REFERENCES

RSA Numbers (sample large numbers to try factoring)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_numbers

IBM on RSA https://www.ibm.com/support/kn....owledgecenter/en/SSB

Modulo Multiplication Group Tables http://mathworld.wolfram.com/M....oduloMultiplicationG

Difference of squares factorization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Difference_of_two_sq

Euclid’s Algorithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclideanalgorithm

Rational sieve for factoring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_sieve

General Number field Sieve https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Generalnumberfieldsi

Scott Aaronson blog post about Shor’s Algorithm https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=208

Experimental implementation of Shor’s Algorithm (factoring 15, 21, and 35) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.00768.pdf

Adiabatic Quantum Computation factoring the number 291311 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.08061.pdf

Scott Aaronson course notes https://www.scottaaronson.com/qclec/ https://www.scottaaronson.com/qclec/combined.pdf

Shor’s Algorithm on Quantiki https://www.quantiki.org/wiki/....shors-factoring-algo

TLS And SSL use RSA encryption https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....TransportLayerSecuri

Dashlane security whitepaper https://www.dashlane.com/downl....oad/DashlaneSecurity

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! Created by Henry Reich

Why You Should Care About Nukes

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

For info about divesting from nuclear weapons companies, go to http://responsibleinvest.org/

Thanks to the Future of Life Institute for helping support this video http://www.futureoflife.org (in particular, thanks to Max Tegmark for guest narrating and Meia Chita-Tegmark for her feedback)

And thanks to everyone who supports MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics

Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

REFERENCES

Climate-model showing impacts of nuclear winter – http://climate.envsci.rutgers.....edu/pdf/RobockNW2006

Current status of global nuclear forces http://fas.org/issues/nuclear-....weapons/status-world

Financing the Nuclear Industry – http://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

This video is about the continued dangers of nuclear weapons and the nuclear arms race in the post-cold war world, particularly nuclear winter but also modernizations by the US and Russian governments, EMPs (electromagnetic pulses), fallout, explosions, terrorism, other accidents, etc.

The Twins Paradox Hands-On Explanation | Special Relativity Ch. 8

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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Mark Rober's youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/markrober

This video is chapter 8 in my series on special relativity, and it presents a hands-on explanation of the resolution to the Twins Paradox using the mechanical minkowski diagram, aka mechanical Lorentz transformation, aka spacetime globe. Of course, the Twins paradox can be resolved with an understanding of spacetime intervals, relative inertial frames of reference, etc, but this is a nice hands-on version where you actually measure the proper times on a real, physical spacetime diagram with a ruler.

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Impossible Muons

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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This video is about how terrestrial muons are part of our experimental proof of time dilation, length contraction, and special relativity in general.

REFERENCES

Cosmic Rays
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray

Terrestrial Cosmic Rays
http://people.physics.tamu.edu..../wwu/docs/P225/P225_

Cosmic Ray Interaction Depth & Muon Production Altitude
http://cosmic.lbl.gov/SKliewer..../Cosmic_Rays/Interac

Cosmic rays are stronger at the poles
http://www.antarcticglaciers.o....rg/glacial-geology/d

Cosmic Rays on Hyperphysics
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/Astro/c

Exponential decay and mean lifetime
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Exponential_decay#Me

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Magnetic Levitation

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

The people who levitated the frog: http://www.ru.nl/hfml/research/levitation/
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

How We Know Black Holes Exist

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Space Telescope Science Institute for supporting this video.

Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
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This video is about the astronomical amount of astronomical evidence for black holes, ranging from x-ray binaries with accretion disks, supermassive infrared-radiating galactic nuclei black holes, orbital characteristics of high mass binaries, and direct gravitational wave detection of inspiraling merging black hole binaries with LIGO. Yes, they're real.

REFERENCES

Interactive: Masses in the Stellar Graveyard https://ligo.northwestern.edu/....media/mass-plot/inde

Galactic Center Orbital Models and Inner Stellar Distributions

Data provided by Andrea Ghez and Sylvana Yelda, UCLA (obtained with the Keck Telescopes)

Visualization by Stuart Levy and Robert Patterson, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

http://avl.ncsa.illinois.edu/a....strophysics/galactic

Masses of observed black Holes:

https://stellarcollapse.org/bhmasses

Downloadable LIGO Data: https://losc.ligo.org/events/GW170817/

LIGO Neutron Star Binary Merger: http://www.astronomy.com/news/....2017/10/ligo-detects

Masses of observed neutron stars: https://stellarcollapse.org/nsmasses

Cygnus X-1 X-ray binary Black Hole: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Cygnus_X-1#Star_syst

Lecture notes on black holes: http://eagle.phys.utk.edu/guid....ry/astro616/lectures

Calvera isolated neutron star X-ray source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Calvera_(X-ray_sourc

Scientific American: pulsar that behaves like a black hole

https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/black-h

Largest known neutron star: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_J0348%2B0432

http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim....bad/sim-id?Ident=PSR

Large Neutron Star: https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0024

Wandering Black Hole: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_p....ages/chandra/x-ray-t

Sagittarius A* Black Hole Infrared emissions: https://arxiv.org/pdf/0911.4659.pdf

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Complete Solution To The Twins Paradox

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

One of the most famous paradoxes of all of physics – who's older? Who's younger? and WHY? ***** Thanks to The Great Courses Plus (free trial here: http://ow.ly/RCty302dIHU) for supporting MinutePhysics *****

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Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html

This video is about the famous “Twins paradox” of special relativity, how time can appear to be faster for two different observers at the same time, and which twin really is older (or younger) – the one who stays on earth or the one who flies in a rocket ship to the stars?

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

REFERENCES

Muon lifetime and time dilation/relativity: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/relativ

MinutePhysics video about Time Rotations & Einstein: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajhFNcUTJI0

Experimental test of time dilation using doppler shift of light: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wik....i/Ives–Stilwell_expe

Lorentz Transformations: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wik....i/Lorentz_transforma

Relativity of Simultaneity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Relativity_of_simult

Paper on twin paradox under constant acceleration: https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0604025v3.pdf

Taking Cesium atomic clocks aboard airplanes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Hafele–Keating_exper

MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

The Higgs Boson, Part II: What is Mass?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

What is mass and what does it have to do with the Higgs Boson?
Part I: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Uh5mTxRQcg
Also, explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics
And twitter - @minutephysics

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Statistical Paradoxes with MinutePhysics - SciShow Talk Show

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Henry Reich of MinutePhysics and MinuteEarth talks about statistical paradoxes and quantum entanglement. Afterwards, Jessi from Animal Wonders joins the show with two Red-Footed Tortoises!

Henry Reich's Channels:
MinutePhysics: http://www.YouTube.com/MinutePhysics
MinuteEarth: http://www.YouTube.com/MinuteEarth

Animal Wonders: http://www.YouTube.com/AnimalWondersMontana
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The Physics of Car Crashes

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How is the chemical energy of gasoline transformed into kinetic energy of a moving car? And where does that kinetic energy go when the car crashes into something and stops moving?

Thanks to Ford (http://www.takeagoodlook.com) for sponsoring this video.

Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! Created by Henry Reich

How to Count Infinity

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

"Some infinities are bigger than other infinities" - Hazel Grace Lancaster, in "The Fault in Our Stars," by John Green

minutephysics is now on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

How Do Bikes Stay Up?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Thanks to littlebits.com for sponsoring this video – use promo code MinutePhysics for $20 off

A HUGE thanks to Wren Weichman (@wrenthereaper) for helping with the 3D bike animation, Michael Aranda for drone photography, Pavel for dowsing and Melissa for helping crash bikes.

Bike references mainly from:

http://bicycle.tudelft.nl/schwab/Bicycle/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y4mbT3ozcA

And thanks to the following Patreon supporters:

Today I Found Out
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Created by Henry Reich

A MinutePhysics approved cartoon of an atom! #shorts

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Our favorite representation of a cartoon would look something like this! It shows how weird atoms really are...

An Impossible Bet | The 100 Prisoners Problem

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Should you take the bet? Click here to find out: http://youtu.be/C5-I0bAuEUE

Thanks to my friend Dan Hoff for introducing me to this problem!

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Created by Henry Reich

2011 Nobel Prize: Dark Energy feat. Sean Carroll

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Guest narrator Sean Carroll of Caltech describes dark energy and the acceleration of the universe, the discovery of which was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics on October 4th.

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
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Portuguese translation by Igor Zolnerkevic Created by Henry Reich

Spacetime Intervals: Not EVERYTHING is Relative | Special Relativity Ch. 7

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Go to http://brilliant.org/MinutePhysics for 20% off a premium subscription to Brilliant!

Mark Rober's youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/markrober

This video is chapter 7 in my series on special relativity, and it covers the idea that some things AREN'T relative: there IS a sense of absolute length and absolute time, which can be agreed upon from all moving perspectives (as long as they're inertial reference frames). In particular, proper length and proper time, aka the spacetime interval. Essentially, this is the spacetime version of the pythagorean theorem, and we'll explore it using the Lorentz transformations of lengths and time intervals, enacted with a mechanical minkowski diagram, aka mechanical Lorentz transformation, aka spacetime globe.

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Taming Infinity

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How does physics deal with infinity?

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

In this episode we explain how physicists can tease information out of infinity.

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
youtube: http://bit.ly/pakJLE
myspace: http://mysp.ac/qtmZQj Created by Henry Reich

How the Sun works: Fusion and Quantum Tunneling

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Now that you know about the sun, do you want to learn about quantum tunneling? http://bit.ly/p7l3gv

Sorry I'm late - I was busy working on freddiew's new video: http://bit.ly/n73Uwj

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

In this episode, we learn about how the sun can burn for billions of years without running out of fuel.

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
youtube: http://bit.ly/pakJLE
myspace: http://mysp.ac/qtmZQj Created by Henry Reich

Picture of the Big Bang (a.k.a. Oldest Light in the Universe)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Where does all the stuff in the universe come from?

Explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

minutephysics is now on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud and Chantal Hutchison for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Gravitational Waves Explained Using Stick Figures

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

GO HERE NOW: https://www.einsteinathome.org
Einstein@Home wikipedia page: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein@Home

This video is about gravitational waves in the weak field limit as discovered by the LIGO collaboration, explained by parallels to electromagnetic radiation, sound waves, water waves, etc. I want to see Cat LIGO ASAP!

Thanks to everyone who supports MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics

Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

REFERENCES

Linearized Einstein Equations: http://web.phys.ntnu.no/\~mika/week10.pdf

Gravitational Wave Detection: http://iopscience.iop.org/arti....cle/10.1088/0034-488

LIGO Mirror Test mass suspension/isolation: http://www.gwoptics.org/hardwa....re\_hacks/mirror\_su

Power radiation from Gravitational waves of Earth-Sun system: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Gravitational\_wave#

Power radiation of electromagnetic waves from accelerating charge (Larmor formula): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor\_formula

Strength & Directionality of Radiation from a binary source (p 12): http://www.aei.mpg.de/\~schutz..../download/lectures/A

Newtonian limit of GR, Metric as gravitational potential: https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/l....evel5/March01/Carrol

MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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And twitter - @minutephysics

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

The Sound of Hydrogen

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

It's like the sound of silence... only louder
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

This episode is a little bit different from the norm, because I've created the sound of hydrogen - or, that is, what if it would sound like if it emitted sound instead of light waves! Created by Henry Reich

Why The Full Moon is Better in Winter

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Check out Phil Plait's "Bad Astronomy" on audible: http://www.audible.com/minutephysics or on www.badastronomy.com

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Created by Henry Reich

Tutorial: Rocket Science! (plus special announcement)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

The basic physics behind how rockets work! (plus a special announcement)

Perimeter Institute: http://www.pitp.ca

VomitPhysics video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7JLXg7yGx0

"Milkman" by freddiew: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eFDra1XimA&list=PL627F181E0CB37E19&index=2&feature=plcp

Bottle rocket video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5En8uBdKM4

For more detail on rocket physics: http://www.real-world-physics-....problems.com/rocket-

Floating on mercury image: http://wordpress.mrreid.org/20....09/09/11/floating-in

Molten lead image: http://www.boattripsiona.com/news.htm

minutephysics is now on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! Created by Henry Reich

Relativity Isn't Relative

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

SPACE-SHEEP! http://labs.minutelabs.io/Rela....tivistic-Space-Sheep and subscribe to MinuteLabs at http://www.subbable.com/minutelabsio
Video about the Space-Sheep: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVpv_rJeQcQ

MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Space Telescope Science Institute for supporting this video.

This video is about the cycloid curves on Jupiter's moon Europa - they're ridges or valleys in the icy surface that formed due to some sort of geological or tectonic-esque phenomenon. The answer involves ping pong balls, the pacific ring of fire, subduction, tidal bulges, and tailcracking,

REFERENCES

Europa image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/w....ikipedia/commons/8/8

Europa “google maps” explorere: https://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer-bin/explorer.cgi?map=Europa&layers=europa_galileo_bw&west=180&south=-90&east=-180&north=90¢er_lat=0¢er=0&defaultcenter=on&grid=none&stretch=none&projection=SIMP&advoption=NO&info=NO&resolution=2

Cycloid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloid

Formation of Europa cycloid cracks: http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu..../HIIPS/Publications/

Smashed ping pong ball: https://www.researchgate.net/f....igure/222359947_fig2

Dented ping pong balls: http://www.katharine-yi.com/up....loads/1/8/4/0/184067

Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

The Speed of Light in Glass

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How does light speed up after leaving glass or water? What do light and the President of the United States have in common?

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
youtube: http://bit.ly/pakJLE
myspace: http://mysp.ac/qtmZQj

and from http://musopen.org Created by Henry Reich

Where Does Complexity Come From? (Big Picture Ep. 3/5)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

This video is about the difference between complexity and entropy, and how complex things like life can arise from disorder. Thanks to Google Making and Science for supporting this series, and to Sean Carroll for collaborating on it! His book can be found here: http://www.penguinrandomhouse.....com/books/316646/the

Playlist of the full video series: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLoaVOjvkzQt

Link to Patreon supporters here: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters.html

This video is about the difference between complexity and entropy, and how we can see complex things like life, planets, galaxies, humans, intelligence, consciousness, etc arising in our universe when the overall tendency of the second law of thermodynamics is towards increasing entropy and disorder. It turns out that gravitational collapse & other complex structures (such as tendrils that form when coffee and milk mix) arise naturally as part of the path towards increasing entropy.

REFERENCES & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Sean's blog: http://www.preposterousunivers....e.com/blog/2016/05/1

Another article by Sean about complexity and god: https://www.preposterousuniver....se.com/writings/dtun

Sean Carroll: The Big Picture
(more great articles about entropy, etc on his blog http://preposterousuniverse.com)

Interactive Entropy explainer by Aatish Bhatia: http://aatishb.github.io/entropy/

Thanks to Micheal Aranda (https://www.youtube.com/user/WhatImDoingRightNow) for help filming the 4k high resolution slow-motion coffee footage

Music for the series was especially composed by Nathaniel Schroeder, http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Proof Without Words: The Circle

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Prove πR² using only beads and a ruler!

I first saw this proof in an article by Russell Jay Hendel, Dowling College: http://bit.ly/LQlwQw

minutephysics is now on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

How Do Bikes Stay Up?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Can Humans Really Feel Temperature?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Veritasium!! http://youtube.com/veritasium
Veritasium video on temperature: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqDbMEdLiCs

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Created by Henry Reich

There is no pink light

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Pink doesn't exist!

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minutephysics is now on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
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myspace: http://mysp.ac/qtmZQj

Created by Henry Reich Created by Henry Reich

A Brief History of Everything, feat. Neil deGrasse Tyson

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

This video brought to you by http://www.audible.com/minutephysics
Thanks to Neil deGrasse Tyson for his amazing writing and narration!

Music: "The Firebird Suite" by Igor Stravinsky, performed by the USAF Band, licensed from Naxos of America, Inc. for worldwide use.

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

And thanks to the following Patreon.com supporters: minutephysics.com/supporters.html

Created by Henry Reich

Foiled Proof

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

5 min physics with Lawrence Krauss 1. The expanding universe

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

While self isolating I decided I will record some '5 minute physics' videos on various topics, some on issues people write to me about, others on topics that are challenging to explain. Will post here and maybe on our podcast channel too. This one is on the expanding universe. #5minphysics

Why are Stars Star-Shaped?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Thanks to our Subbable subscriber SlugBooks.com - head over to http://www.slugbooks.com to find cheaper textbooks for college or university. And go to http://www.subbable.com/minutephysics if you want to support MinutePhysics on Subbable!

And also to our Subbable subscriber Mathias Larssen!

Paper on diffraction through the lens of the human eye: http://goo.gl/XEdMVd
"Shape of stars and optical quality of the human eye" by Rafael Navarro and M. Angeles Losada, Vol. 14, No. 2/February 1997/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

Eye Photos courtesy of:
Anthony Kelly
Elliot Bennett
flickr user jyotsna210
flickr user martinak15
wikimedia user Hminden
Magdalena Roeseler
Michael Gäbler
wikimedia user Woodwalker
Steve Jurvetson
MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Created by Henry Reich

Why are Stars Star-Shaped?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Schrödinger's Cat

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

No cats were harmed in the making of this video.

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

In this episode we discuss Schrödinger's cat, quantum entanglement, and our perception of reality.

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
youtube: http://bit.ly/pakJLE
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German translation by http://www.youtube.com/user/Te....saFilmEnt?feature=wa

Created by Henry Reich Created by Henry Reich

Statistical Paradoxes with MinutePhysics - SciShow Talk Show

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

Higgs Boson Part III: How to Discover a Particle

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:40:59 +0000

How do you know when you've "discovered" a particle? What do we mean by "discovery"? Also, explore a map of the big bang! http://www.bigbangregistry.com

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder

Thanks to Ross Diener, Nima Doroud and Derek Muller for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca Created by Henry Reich

Quantum SHAPE-SHIFTING: Neutrino Oscillations

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

Thanks to the Heising-Simons Foundation for supporting this video: http://www.heisingsimons.org

CRAZY Double Pendulum Footnote: https://youtu.be/gbJYK7q5ejY

Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics
Link to Patreon Supporters: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters/

This video is about the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations, which is where neutrinos can change flavors (ie, change between electron, muon, or tau neutrinos) because those interaction states are in non-trivial superpositions of the free traveling/mass eigenstates (𝜈1, 𝜈2 and 𝜈3).

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REFERENCES

History of Neutrino Oscillations: https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0610064.pdf

Solar Neutrino Problem: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wik....i/Solar_neutrino_pro

Neutrino Oscillation on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Neutrino_oscillation

Current best fit data for the mixing of neutrinos: http://www.nu-fit.org/?q=node/139

Neutrino Mixing Matrix: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Pontecorvo–Maki–Naka

Neutrino Oscillation https://profmattstrassler.com/....articles-and-posts/p

Neutrino Masses paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.3518.pdf

Neutral Particle Oscillation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Neutral_particle_osc

Technical Intro to Neutrino Mass Mixing: http://pdg.lbl.gov/2015/review....s/rpp2015-rev-neutri

PROSPECT project: http://prospect.yale.edu/science

Neutrino/nucleon deep inelastic scattering: https://www.nevis.columbia.edu/ccfr/index.html

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich

Why LESS Sensitive Tests Might Be Better

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

Thanks to Brilliant for sponsoring this video - the first 200 people to click on https://www.brilliant.org/MinutePhysics will get 20% off a Premium subscription to Brilliant.

This video written & produced in collaboration with Aatish Bhatia, https://www.aatishb.com

This video is about how cheap, fast, and LESS sensitive rapid antigen tests might be better for screening (& maybe surveillance) than PCR COVID tests due to the nature of contagiousness/infectiveness at various points on the viral load trajectory of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID sars-COV-2 carriers.

REFERENCES

Thanks to Daniel Larremore for feedback on early versions of this video https://larremorelab.github.io/

Rapid Antigen Testing:

COVID-19 testing: One size does not fit all. https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/371/6525/12

Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity — A Strategy for Containment. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2025631

Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening. https://advances.sciencemag.or....g/content/7/1/eabd53

The effectiveness of population-wide, rapid antigen test based screening in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in Slovakia. (pre-print, not yet peer reviewed) https://www.medrxiv.org/conten....t/10.1101/2020.12.02

Effective Testing and Screening for Covid-19. https://www.rockefellerfoundat....ion.org/wp-content/u

Brown University & Harvard University modeling of COVID-19 testing shortfall. https://globalepidemics.org/testing-targets/

Fast Coronavirus Tests are coming. https://media.nature.com/origi....nal/magazine-assets/

Open letter signed by epidemiologists and infectious disease experts supporting widespread & frequent rapid antigen testing for COVID-19: https://www.rapidtests.org/expert-letter

More information on various COVID-19 tests: https://chs.asu.edu/diagnostic....s-commons/testing-co

Field performance and public health response using the BinaxNOW Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay during community-based testing. https://academic.oup.com/cid/a....dvance-article/doi/1

Performance of an Antigen-Based Test for Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Testing at Two University Campuses. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volum....es/69/wr/mm695152a3.

Asymptomatic Spread:

People without symptoms spread virus in more than half of cases, CDC model finds https://www.washingtonpost.com..../science/2021/01/07/

(More than half of all) SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. https://jamanetwork.com/journa....ls/jamanetworkopen/f

Three Quarters of People with SARS-CoV-2 Infection are Asymptomatic: Analysis of English Household Survey Data. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC75497

Viral Load Curve:

SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in acute infections. (pre-print, not yet peer reviewed)
https://www.medrxiv.org/conten....t/10.1101/2020.10.21

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Why is the Sun Yellow and the Sky Blue?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

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How To Tell If We're Beating COVID-19

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

This video made possible with support of Brilliant - the first 200 subscribers to go to http://Brilliant.org/MinutePhysics get 20% off a Premium subscription to Brilliant.
Go to http://aatishb.com/covidtrends to explore the graph from the video yourself!

RESOURCES
Grant's 3Blue1Brown Video: Exponential Growth and Epidemics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg

Aatish's Exponential/Logistic Curve-Fitting Site: https://github.com/aatishb/cov....id/blob/master/curve

Data Source: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19
Our World in Data Page on Coronavirus: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

How many tests for COVID-19 are being performed around the world? https://ourworldindata.org/covid-testing

Understanding logarithmic scales: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/0....3/20/health/coronavi

What we can learn from the countries winning the coronavirus fight: https://www.abc.net.au/news/20....20-03-26/coronavirus
(Great explainer on log scales and growth curves explained in the context of COVID-19 in different countries)

This video is a collaboration with Aatish Bhatia about how to see the COVID-19 tipping point - we present a better way to graph COVID-19 coronavirus cases using a logarithmic scale in "phase space" - plotting the growth rate against the cumulative cases, rather than either of these against time.

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What is Quantum Tunneling?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

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In this episode we explain what quantum tunneling is and how it works! To see quantum tunneling in action, watch http://bit.ly/pJhIdW and learn about the sun!

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A Polarizing Discovery About the Big Bang!

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

Get a free audiobook at http://www.audible.com/minutephysics and Thanks to the following Subbable.com supporters:
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More about the Big Bang: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3MWRvLndzs
More about the Cosmic Background Radiation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mZQ-5-KYHw

And special thanks to Sean Carroll and Mark Trodden for their comments and discussion in the making of this video.

Links to more info about the BICEP experiment:
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2014-05
http://bicepkeck.org/
http://www.caltech.edu/content..../building-bicep2-con
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2014/03/1

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

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Windmills Are NOT Like Dams

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

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The Solution to the Windmill Paradox. This video is about the tradeoff of Windmills: the fact that the more kinetic energy you extract from the wind the slower the wind goes, the less wind you have to extract energy from, etc. How much energy is the sweet spot to extract from the wind??

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There is no

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

Just because there are four dimensions doesn't mean there's a "fourth dimension"

4D rubik's cube: http://www.superliminal.com/cube/cube.htm

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Thanks to Nima Doroud and Alex Yale for contributions and to Perimeter Institute for support.
http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca

Created by Henry Reich Created by Henry Reich

How To Go To Space (with XKCD!)

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

Do you want to go to space? Do you want to learn about bending computers and boxes that make clothes smell better and sky boats with turning wings? Then point your pointer here and press down:
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Thanks to Randall Munroe (of XKCD, What If?, and Thing Explainer) and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt for making this video possible!

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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

Music by Nathaniel Schroeder http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Created by Henry Reich

Where Was The Big Bang?

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

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Thanks to Nima Doroud for contributions. Created by Henry Reich

Length Contraction and Time Dilation | Special Relativity Ch. 5

Fri, 28 Oct 2022 10:39:51 +0000

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Mark Rober's youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/markrober

This video is chapter 5 in my series on special relativity, and it covers how things that are moving (that is, moving relative to an inertial reference frame) at different speeds appear to be shorter in length... and longer in length. And shorter in time, and longer in time. It all makes sense, I promise, and is clear when you use the Lorentz transformation of coordinates of the events in question, enacted with a mechanical minkowski diagram, aka mechanical Lorentz transformation, aka spacetime globe.

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